what is term describing changing one word to another one letter at a time

Rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase

Animation for the anagram "Listen = Silent"

An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging the messages of a different discussion or phrase, typically using all the original letters exactly one time.^[1] For case, the word anagram itself can be rearranged into nag a ram, also the discussion binary into brainy and the discussion adobe into abode.

The original word or phrase is known as the subject area of the anagram. Any discussion or phrase that exactly reproduces the letters in another guild is an anagram. Someone who creates anagrams may be called an "anagrammatist",^[2] and the goal of a serious or skilled anagrammatist is to produce anagrams that reflect or comment on their subject.

Examples [edit]

Anagrams may be created equally a commentary on the subject. They may be a parody, a criticism or satire. For example:

• "New York Times" = "monkeys write"
• "Church building of Scientology" = "rich-chosen goofy cult"
• "McDonald'south restaurants" = "Uncle Sam's standard rot"
• "coronavirus" = "carnivorous"
• "She Sells Sanctuary" = "Santa; shy, less brutal" or "Satan; cruel, less shy"

An anagram may also be a synonym of the original word. For example:

• "evil" = "vile"
• "a admirer" = "elegant man"
• "eleven plus two" = "twelve plus one"

An anagram that has a pregnant opposed to that of the original word or phrase is called an "antigram".^[3] For example:

• "restful" = "fluster"
• "funeral" = "real fun"
• "adultery" = "true lady"
• "forty five" = "over l"
• "Santa" = "Satan"

They can sometimes alter from a proper noun or personal proper name into an advisable sentence:

• "William Shakespeare" = "I am a weakish speller"
• "Madam Curie" = "Radium came"
• "Ronald Wilson Reagan" = "Insane anglo warlord"
• "George Bush" = "He bugs Gore"

They can change part of oral communication, such as the adjective "silent" to the verb "listen".

"Anagrams" itself can be anagrammatized equally "Ars magna" (Latin, 'the cracking fine art').^[4]

History [edit]

Anagrams can be traced back to the time of the ancient Greeks, and were used to detect the hidden and mystical meaning in names.^[5] They were pop throughout Europe during the Middle Ages, for example with the poet and composer Guillaume de Machaut.^[6] They are said to date back at least to the Greek poet Lycophron, in the third century BCE; but this relies on an account of Lycophron given by John Tzetzes in the 12th century.^[7]

In the Talmudic and Midrashic literature, anagrams were used to translate the Hebrew Bible, notably by Eleazar of Modi'im. Later on, Kabbalists took this up with enthusiasm, calling anagrams temurah.^[viii]

Anagrams in Latin were considered witty over many centuries. Est vir qui adest, explained below, was cited as the example in Samuel Johnson'south A Dictionary of the English language Language. They became hugely popular in the early on modern period, particularly in Federal republic of germany.^[9]

Any historical material on anagrams must always be interpreted in terms of the assumptions and spellings that were electric current for the language in question. In particular, spelling in English only slowly became stock-still. There were attempts to regulate anagram germination, an of import ane in English language being that of George Puttenham'south Of the Anagram or Posy Transposed in The Art of English Poesie (1589).

Influence of Latin [edit]

As a literary game when Latin was the common belongings of the literate, Latin anagrams were prominent.^[10] Two examples are the change of Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum (Latin: Hail Mary, total of grace, the Lord [is] with you) into Virgo serena, pia, munda et immaculata (Latin: Serene virgin, pious, clean and spotless), and the anagrammatic answer to Pilate's question, Quid est veritas? (Latin: What is truth?), namely, Est vir qui adest (Latin: Information technology is the man who is here). The origins of these are not documented.

Latin continued to influence letter values (such as I = J, U = Five and W = VV). There was an ongoing tradition of allowing anagrams to be "perfect" if the letters were all used once, but allowing for these interchanges. This can be seen in a popular Latin anagram confronting the Jesuits: Societas Jesu turned into Vitiosa seces (Latin: Cut off the wicked things). Puttenham, in the time of Elizabeth I, wished to commencement from Elissabet Anglorum Regina (Latin: Elizabeth Queen of the English language), to obtain Multa regnabis ense gloria (Latin: Past thy sword shalt m reign in keen renown); he explains carefully that H is "a note of aspiration only and no letter", and that Z in Greek or Hebrew is a mere SS. The rules were not completely fixed in the 17th century. William Camden in his Remains commented, singling out some messages—Æ, K, W, and Z—not found in the classical Roman alphabet:^[11]

The precise in this do strictly observing all the parts of the definition, are but bold with H either in omitting or retaining it, for that it cannot challenge the right of a letter. Merely the Licentiats somewhat licentiously, lest they should prejudice poetical liberty, will pardon themselves for doubling or rejecting a letter of the alphabet, if the sence fall aptly, and "think it no injury to use E for Æ; V for W; S for Z, and C for Thou, and contrariwise.

—William Camden, Remains

Early modern period [edit]

When it comes to the 17th century and anagrams in English language or other languages, there is a bully deal of documented evidence of learned involvement. The lawyer Thomas Egerton was praised through the anagram gestat honorem ('he carries honor'); the physician George Ent took the anagrammatic motto genio surget ('he rises through spirit/genius'), which requires his first proper noun as Georgius.^[12] James I'south courtiers discovered in "James Stuart" "a just master", and converted "Charles James Stuart" into "Claims Arthur's seat" (even at that point in fourth dimension, the letters I and J were more-or-less interchangeable). Walter Quin, tutor to the time to come Charles I, worked difficult on multilingual anagrams on the name of father James.^[13] A notorious murder scandal, the Overbury instance, threw up two imperfect anagrams that were aided by typically loose spelling and were recorded past Simonds D'Ewes: "Francis Howard" (for Frances Carr, Countess of Somerset, her maiden proper name spelled in a variant) became "Car findes a whore", with the letters E hardly counted, and the victim Thomas Overbury, as "Thomas Overburie", was written as "O! O! a busie murther" (an old grade of "murder"), with a 5 counted as U.^{[14] [15]}

William Drummond of Hawthornden, in an essay On the Character of a Perfect Anagram, tried to lay down rules for permissible substitutions (such every bit South standing for Z) and letter omissions.^[sixteen] William Camden^[17] provided a definition of "Anagrammatisme" as "a dissolution of a name truly written into his letters, as his elements, and a new connection of it by artificial transposition, without add-on, subtraction or alter of any letter, into dissimilar words, making some perfect sense appliable (i.e., applicable) to the person named." Dryden in MacFlecknoe disdainfully called the pastime the "torturing of one poor word ten thousand ways".^[18]

"Eleanor Audeley", wife of Sir John Davies, is said to accept been brought before the High Commission^{[ description needed ]} in 1634 for extravagances, stimulated by the discovery that her proper noun could be transposed to "Reveale, O Daniel", and to have been laughed out of court by some other anagram submitted by Sir John Lambe, the dean of the Arches, "Matriarch Eleanor Davies", "Never soe mad a ladie".^{[19] [twenty]}

An example from France was a flattering anagram for Cardinal Richelieu, comparison him to Hercules or at to the lowest degree 1 of his easily (Hercules beingness a kingly symbol), where Armand de Richelieu became Ardue main d'Hercule ("difficult hand of Hercules").^[21]

Modern catamenia [edit]

Examples from the 19th century are the transposition of "Horatio Nelson" into Honor est a Nilo (Latin: Honor is from the Nile); and of "Florence Nightingale" into "Flit on, cheering angel".^[22] The Victorian love of anagramming equally recreation is alluded to by the mathematician Augustus De Morgan^[23] using his own name as an instance; "Great Gun, exercise u.s.a. a sum!" is attributed to his son William De Morgan, only a family friend John Thomas Graves was prolific, and a manuscript with over 2,800 has been preserved.^{[24] [25] [26]}

With the advent of surrealism equally a poetic movement, anagrams regained the creative respect they had had in the Baroque period. The German poet Unica Zürn, who made all-encompassing use of anagram techniques, came to regard obsession with anagrams equally a "dangerous fever", because it created isolation of the author.^[27] The surrealist leader André Breton coined the anagram Avida Dollars for Salvador Dalí, to tarnish his reputation by the implication of commercialism.

Applications [edit]

While anagramming is certainly a recreation first, there are ways in which anagrams are put to utilize, and these can be more serious, or at least not quite frivolous and formless. For example, psychologists use anagram-oriented tests, often called "anagram solution tasks", to appraise the implicit memory of young adults and adults akin.^[28]

Establishment of priority [edit]

Natural philosophers (astronomers and others) of the 17th century transposed their discoveries into Latin anagrams, to establish their priority. In this way they laid claim to new discoveries before their results were ready for publication.

Galileo used smaismrmilmepoetaleumibunenugttauiras for Altissimum planetam tergeminum observavi (Latin: I have observed the most distant planet to accept a triple form) for discovering the rings of Saturn in 1610.^{[29] [xxx]} Galileo appear his discovery that Venus had phases like the Moon in the class Haec immatura a me iam frustra leguntur oy (Latin: These young ones have already been read in vain by me -oy), that is, when rearranged, Cynthiae figuras aemulatur Mater Amorum (Latin: The Mother of Loves [= Venus] imitates the figures of Cynthia [= the moon]). In both cases, Johannes Kepler had solved the anagrams incorrectly, bold they were talking virtually the Moons of Mars ( Salve, umbistineum geminatum Martia proles ) and a cherry spot on Jupiter ( Macula rufa in Jove est gyratur mathem ), respectively.^[31] By coincidence, he turned out to be correct well-nigh the bodily objects existing.

In 1656, Christiaan Huygens, using a amend telescope than those available to Galileo, figured that Galileo's earlier observations of Saturn actually meant it had a band (Galileo's tools were just sufficient to encounter it every bit bumps) and, similar Galileo, had published an anagram, aaaaaacccccdeeeeeghiiiiiiillllmmnnnnnnnnnooooppqrrstttttuuuuu. Upon confirming his observations, three years afterwards he revealed it to mean Annulo cingitur, tenui, plano, nusquam coherente, ad eclipticam inclinato (Latin: It [Saturn] is surrounded by a sparse, flat, ring, nowhere touching, inclined to the ecliptic).^[32]

An animation of an anagram related to Loch Ness Monster

When Robert Hooke discovered Hooke's law in 1660, he first published it in anagram form, ceiiinosssttuv, for ut tensio, sic vis (Latin: as the extension, so the forcefulness).^[33]

In a related use, from 1975, British naturalist Sir Peter Scott coined the scientific term Nessiteras rhombopteryx (Greek: The monster (or wonder) of Ness with the diamond-shaped fin) for the counterfeit Loch Ness Monster.^[34] Shortly later, several London newspapers pointed out that Nessiteras rhombopteryx anagrams into Monster hoax by Sir Peter Southward. Still, Robert Rines, who previously fabricated two underwater photographs allegedly showing the monster, countered that they can also be arranged into Aye, both pix are monsters, R.^[35]

Pseudonyms [edit]

Anagrams are connected to pseudonyms, by the fact that they may muffle or reveal, or operate somewhere in between like a mask that can establish identity. For case, Jim Morrison used an anagram of his name in the Doors song "L.A. Woman", calling himself "Mr. Mojo Risin'".^[36] The use of anagrams and fabricated personal names may be to circumvent restrictions on the use of real names, every bit happened in the 18th century when Edward Cave wanted to get around restrictions imposed on the reporting of the House of Commons.^[37] In a genre such as farce or parody, anagrams as names may be used for pointed and satiric effect.

Pseudonyms adopted by authors are sometimes transposed forms of their names; thus "Calvinus" becomes "Alcuinus" (here V = U) or "François Rabelais" = "Alcofribas Nasier". The proper noun "Voltaire" of François Marie Arouet fits this design, and is allowed to be an anagram of "Arouet, l[e] j[eune]" (U = V, J = I) that is, "Arouet the younger". Other examples include:

• "Damon Albarn" = "Dan Abnormal"
• "Dave Barry" = "Ray Adverb"
• "Arrigo Boito" = "Tobia Gorrio"
• "Buckethead" = "Expiry Cube K"
• "Daniel Clowes" = "Enid Coleslaw"
• "Siobhán Donaghy" = "Shanghai Nobody"
• "Glen Duncan" = "Declan Gunn"^[38]
• "(Theodor) Geisel" = "(Theo) Le Sieg"
• "Edward Gorey" = "Ogdred Weary", = "Regera Dowdy" or = "E. K. Deadworry" (and others)
• "Anna Madrigal" = "A man and a girl"
• "Tom Marvolo Riddle" = "I am Lord Voldemort"
• "Ted Morgan" = "(Sanche) de Gramont"
• "Lorin Morgan-Richards" = "Marcil d'Hirson Garron"
• "Vladimir Nabokov" = "Vivian Darkbloom", = "Vivian Bloodmark", = "Blavdak Vinomori", or = "Dorian Vivalkomb"

Several of these are "imperfect anagrams", messages having been left out in some cases for the sake of easy pronunciation.

Titles [edit]

Anagrams used for titles afford scope for some types of wit. Examples:

• Homer Hickam, Jr.'southward book Rocket Boys was adjusted into the 1999 film October Heaven.^[39]
• The tapes for the revival of the BBC show Doctor Who were labeled with the anagram Torchwood, which later went on to be used as the name for a spin-off testify. In multi-episode shows, the programme occasionally substitutes the anagram of an actor's name for the bodily name to preclude revealing the true identity of the function (for instance, The Master) being played by the actor.
• The New Wave band Missing Persons' all-time-selling album was chosen Bound Session Thou.
• Hip-hop creative person MF Doom recorded a 2004 album called Mm..Food.
• Brian Eno's anthology Before and Afterward Science includes a vocal entitled "Male monarch's Lead Hat", an anagram of "Talking Heads", a band Eno has worked with.
• Juan Maria Solare'due south piano ballad "Jura ser anomalía" (literally "he/she swears to exist an anomaly") is an anagram of the composer'due south full name. His composition for English horn titled "A Dot in Time" is an anagram of "Meditation", which describes the piece. The championship of his piano piece that is a homage to Claude Debussy is "Seduce Us Badly".
• Bill Evans's overdubbed pianoforte elegy for swain jazz pianist Sonny Clark is titled "N.Y.C.'s No Lark," and another composition, "Re: Person I Knew" is a tribute to his producer, Orrin Keepnews.
• The title of Imogen Heap'southward anthology iMegaphone is an anagram of her name.
• Progressive rock group Rush published a song off their 1989 album Presto titled "Anagram (for Mongo)" that makes use of anagrams in every line of their vocal.
• The title of the fifth anthology by American stone band Interpol, El Pintor, is an anagram of the band'southward proper name and likewise Spanish for "the painter".
• Many of the song titles on Aphex Twin'south ...I Care Considering You Do are anagrams of either "Aphex Twin", "The Aphex Twin", or "Richard D James".
• In Disney'south 1964 motion-picture show Mary Poppins, Dick Van Dyke played Mr. Dawes, Sr., equally the anagram of his name, Navckid Keyd. In the credits, the words unscrambled themselves to reveal his name.
• The title of King Crimson'due south 1982 song Thela Hun Ginjeet is an anagram of "heat in the jungle".

Coincidences [edit]

Name is Anu Garg = Anagram Genius

In Hebrew, the name "Gernot Zippe" (גרנוט ציפה), the inventor of the Zippe-type centrifuge, is an anagram of the word "centrifuge" (צנטריפוגה). The anagrammer Anu Garg's name results in: "Anagram genius" = "Name is Anu Garg."^[40]

Games and puzzles [edit]

Anagrams are in themselves a recreational activity, but they also make up part of many other games, puzzles and game shows. The Jumble is a puzzle found in many newspapers in the United States requiring the unscrambling of letters to find the solution. Cryptic crossword puzzles ofttimes employ anagrammatic clues, commonly indicating that they are anagrams by the inclusion of a descriptive term like "confused" or "in disarray". An example would be Businessman burst into tears (ix messages). The solution, stationer, is an anagram of into tears, the letters of which have burst out of their original arrangement to course the proper name of a blazon of man of affairs.

Numerous other games and contests involve some chemical element of anagram formation as a basic skill. Some examples:

• In Anagrams, players flip tiles over one at a time and race to take words. They can "steal" each other'southward words by rearranging the letters and extending the words.
• In a version of Scrabble called Clabbers, the proper name itself is an anagram of Scrabble. Tiles may be placed in whatever guild on the board every bit long equally they anagram to a valid give-and-take.
• On the British game show Countdown, contestants are given 30 seconds to make the longest word from nine random letters.
• In Boggle, players make constrained words from a grid of xvi random letters, by joining adjacent cubes.
• On the British game show BrainTeaser, contestants are shown a word broken into randomly arranged segments and must denote the whole give-and-take. At the end of the game there is a "Pyramid" which starts with a iii-letter word. A letter of the alphabet appears in the line below to which the role player must add together the existing letters to find a solution. The blueprint continues until the player reaches the final 8-letter anagram. The player wins the game by solving all the anagrams within the allotted time.
• In Bananagrams, players place tiles from a pool into crossword-manner word arrangements in a race to come across who can cease the pool of tiles first.

Ciphers [edit]

Multiple anagramming is a technique used to solve some kinds of cryptograms, such every bit a permutation cipher, a transposition nada, and the Jefferson deejay.^[41] Solutions may exist computationally found using a Jumble algorithm.

Methods of construction [edit]

Sometimes, it is possible to "see" anagrams in words, unaided past tools, though the more messages involved the more difficult this becomes. The difficulty is that for a word of n dissimilar letters, in that location are n! (factorial of due north) different permutations and and then north!-1 unlike anagrams of the word. Anagram dictionaries can besides exist used. Computer programs, known every bit "anagram search", "anagram servers", "anagram solvers", offer a much faster route to creating anagrams, and a large number of these programs are bachelor on the Cyberspace.^{[42] [43]} Some programs use the Anatree algorithm to compute anagrams efficiently.

The program or server carries out an exhaustive search of a database of words, to produce a list containing every possible combination of words or phrases from the input word or phrase using a jumble algorithm. Some programs (such as Lexpert) restrict to one-word answers. Many anagram servers (for example, The Words Oracle) tin control the search results, by excluding or including certain words, limiting the number or length of words in each anagram, or limiting the number of results. Anagram solvers are often banned from online anagram games. The disadvantage of computer anagram solvers, especially when practical to multi-word anagrams, is their poor understanding of the meaning of the words they are manipulating. They commonly cannot filter out meaningful or appropriate anagrams from big numbers of nonsensical word combinations. Some servers attempt to better on this using statistical techniques that attempt to combine only words that appear together ofttimes. This arroyo provides only limited success since it fails to recognize ironic and humorous combinations.

Some anagrammatists betoken the method they used. Anagrams synthetic without the assist of a reckoner are noted as having been washed "manually" or "by manus"; those made by utilizing a computer may exist noted "by machine" or "by calculator", or may indicate the name of the computer program (using Anagram Genius).

There are also a few "natural" instances: English words unconsciously created by switching messages around. The French chaise longue ("long chair") became the American "chaise lounge" by metathesis (transposition of messages and/or sounds). Information technology has also been speculated that the English "curd" comes from the Latin crudus ("raw"). Similarly, the ancient English word for bird was "brid".

Prominent anagrammatists [edit]

The French rex Louis Xiii had a man named Thomas Billon appointed equally his Royal Anagrammatist with an annual salary of 1200 pounds.^[44] Among contemporary anagrammers, Anu Garg, created an Internet Anagram Server in 1994 together with the satirical anagram-based newspaper The Anagram Times. Mike Keith has anagrammed the complete text of Moby Dick.^[45] He, forth with Richard Brodie, has published The Anagrammed Bible that includes anagrammed version of many books of the Bible.^[46] Pop goggle box personality Dick Cavett is known for his anagrams of famous celebrities such as Alec Guinness and Spiro Agnew.^[47]

Anagram animation [edit]

A computer-generated anagram animation

An animated anagram displays the messages of a discussion or phrase moving into their new positions.

Encounter too [edit]

• Acronym
• Ambigram
• Anagrammatic poem
• Anagrams, a board game
• Ananym
• Blanagram
• Constrained writing
• Isogram
• Letter depository financial institution
• Lipogram
• List of geographic anagrams and ananyms
• Listing of taxa named by anagrams
• London Hush-hush anagram map
• Palindrome
• Pangram
• Rebus
• Sator Square
• Spoonerism
• Tautonym
• Give-and-take play

References [edit]

1. ^ "anagram". CollinsDictionary.com. HarperCollins Publishers. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
2. ^ Anagrammatist, Dictionary.com. Retrieved on 12 August 2008.
3. ^ "antigram". Definitions.net . Retrieved 31 July 2019.
4. ^ "Ars Magna". PBS. one July 2008. Archived from the original on 22 June 2009. Retrieved nine January 2017. This Emmy-nominated brusque enters the obsessive and fascinating earth of anagrams. [Original commodity's link to video is expressionless, but link in archived article works.]
5. ^ Of Anagrams, Past H.B. Wheatley pg. 72, printed 1862 T. & W. Boone, New Bond Street, London
6. ^ Guillaume de Machaut, "Here of a Sunday Morning", WBAI
7. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Lycophron". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge Academy Press. p. 153.
8. ^ Isaac Broydé, "Anagram " in Jewish Encyclopedia, 1906 full text
9. ^ "Secrets of a Lost Art, part 1: Latin Anagrams - in Medias Res". 6 May 2018.
10. ^ "Secrets of a Lost Fine art, office 1: Latin Anagrams - in Medias Res". 6 May 2018.
11. ^ Cited in Henry Benjamin Wheatley, Of anagrams: a monograph treating of their history (1862); online text.
12. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "ENT, SIR GEORGE, M.D. (1604–1689)". Lexicon of National Biography. Vol. XVII (1st ed.). Smith, Elderberry & Co. p. 377. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
13. ^ Lee, Sidney, ed. (1896). "QUIN, WALTER (1575?–1634?)". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. XLVII (1st ed.). Smith, Elder & Co. p. 111. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
14. ^ Early on Stuart Libels
15. ^ Early on Stuart Libels
16. ^ Henry Benjamin Wheatley, On Anagrams (1862), p. 58.
17. ^ Remains, 7th ed., 1674.
18. ^

    Thy genius calls thee not to buy fame
    In smashing iambics, but balmy anagram:
    Exit writing plays, and choose for thy command
    Some peaceful province in acrostic land.
    There thou may'st wings display and altars raise,
    And torture one poor discussion ten k means.

19. ^ Oxford Book of Word Games
20. ^ Hugh Trevor-Roper, Archbishop Laud (2000), p. 146.
21. ^ H. W. van Helsdingen, Notes on Two Sheets of Sketches by Nicolas Poussin for the Long Gallery of the Louvre, Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art, Vol. v, No. 3/4 (1971), pp. 172–184.
22. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Anagram". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 910.
23. ^ In his A Upkeep of Paradoxes, p. 82.
24. ^ Robert Edoward Moritz, On Mathematics and Mathematicians (2007), p. 151.
25. ^ Anna Stirling, William De Morgan and His Married woman (1922) p. 64.
26. ^ "AIM25 dwelling page". Archived from the original on half dozen June 2011. Retrieved vi March 2009.
27. ^ Friederike Ursula Eigler, Susanne Kord, The Feminist Encyclopedia of German Literature (1997), pp. xiv–five.
28. ^ Java, Rosalind I. "Priming and Crumbling: Show of Preserved Memory Part in an Anagram Solution Task." The American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 105, No. four. (Winter, 1992), pp. 541–548.
29. ^ Miner, Ellis D.; Wessen, Randii R.; Cuzzi, Jeffrey N. (2007). "The scientific significance of planetary band systems". Planetary Ring Systems. Springer Praxis Books in Space Exploration. Praxis. pp. 1–16. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73981-6_1. ISBN978-0-387-34177-4.
30. ^ "Galileo'south Anagrams and the Moons of Mars". Math Pages: History . Retrieved 16 March 2009.
31. ^ "Galileo, Kepler, & Ii Anagrams: 2 Wrong Solutions Turn into 2 Correct Solutions". Judge Starling.
32. ^ Campbell, John Westward., Jr. (Apr 1937). "Notes". Beyond the Life Line. Astounding Stories. pp. 81–85.
33. ^ Gjertsen, Derek (1986). The Newton Handbook. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 16. ISBN9780710202796.
34. ^ Scott, Peter; Rines, Robert (December 1975). "Naming the Loch Ness monster". Nature. 258 (5535): 466–468. Bibcode:1975Natur.258..466S. doi:10.1038/258466a0.
35. ^ "Monster Hoax?". New Scientist. Vol. 68, no. 980. 18 December 1975. p. 739.
36. ^ "Mr Mojo Risin'". BBC Radio 2. 29 June 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
37. ^ "Institute of Historical Inquiry (IHR) home page". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 7 March 2009.
38. ^ I, Lucifer (Glen Duncan)
39. ^ Lundin, Leigh (29 November 2009). "Anagrams". Word Play. Criminal Cursory.
40. ^ "The Anagram Hall of Fame". Wordsmith.org . Retrieved 2 March 2021.
41. ^ Bletchley Park Cryptographic Lexicon. Codesandciphers.org.uk. Retrieved on 2014-05-12.
42. ^ "anagram search engine". Retrieved 11 June 2021.
43. ^ "internet anagram server". Retrieved 11 June 2021.
44. ^ Southey, Robert (1865). "CLXXIX". The Doc, Etc. Longman, Greens, and Co. p. 467.
45. ^ "Anagram past Mike Keith".
46. ^ The Anagrammed Bible: Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon: Keith, Michael, Brodie, Richard: 9780963009722: Amazon.com: Books. ISBN0963009729.
47. ^ Williams, Alex (4 Baronial 2018). "Dick Cavett's Best Outtakes". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on one January 2022. Retrieved iv December 2019.

Further reading [edit]

• Henry Benjamin Wheatley. Of Anagrams: A Monograph Treating of Their History from the Primeval Ages to the Present Time. Williams & Norgate, 1862.
• Word Ways: The Journal of Recreational Linguistics. Greenwood Periodicals et al., 1968–. ISSN 0043-7980.
• Howard West. Bergerson. Palindromes and Anagrams. Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 978-0486206646.

External links [edit]

Expect upwards anagram in Wiktionary, the costless dictionary.

davieswhoppy.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anagram#:~:text=An%20anagram%20is%20a%20word,the%20original%20letters%20exactly%20once.

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